Laparoscopy is a surgical procedure which is used to look inside the abdomen and pelvis, by inserting a thin telescope with a light source attached called a laparoscope.
It is referred to as minimally invasive surgery, since it involves making one to four small 1 cm incisions in the skin. Then passing a thin flexible tube with a telescope, light and camera is attached to view the uterus, tubes and ovaries.

The abdomen is filled with gas to allow the physician to see better and provide space to work.
The images captured are seen on a television screen, allowing the surgeon to see inside the abdomen for medical examination, diagnosis of a condition like endometriosis or blocked tubes, and treatment of the underlying cause. Following the procedure, the gas will be released from the body and the cuts will be closed up with stitches and a dressing.

The procedure is carried out under general anaesthetic, meaning the patient will not be able to feel pain while the surgery is taking place.
The advantage is that most people will be able to go home on the same day, though some might have to stay overnight. Moreover, it is associated with much less pain as compared to the open abdominal procedure.

A laparoscopy can take between 30-60 minutes, whereas for treatment the procedure time will vary depending on the condition.

Laparoscopy is used to help diagnose and identify many conditions which develop inside the abdomen or the pelvis which cannot be diagnosed through other non-invasive methods like an ultrasound, CT scan or MRI scan.
A further benefit of laparoscopic surgery is that it provides you with the ability to remove tissue that requires further examination (known as a biopsy) along with the removal of diseased tissue, and all this is performed at the expense of less pain and quicker recovery after completion of the surgery.

The three most common medical areas in which a laparoscopy is carried out are:

. Laparoscopic surgery is not suitable for all patients, and in certain cases you might be offered an alternative.
. Some situations where laparoscopy may not be preferred include being severely overweight, having already had several abdominal surgeries, or having a lung or heart condition.
. In cases where laparoscopy is not preferred an alternative is a laparotomy, which is a more invasive procedure that involves making a large cut in the abdomen and performing an open surgery.
. Some possible reasons that your surgeon may opt for a laparotomy include a high suspicion of ovarian cancer, large fibroids not manageable by laparoscopy, etc…In all cases thorough discussion will be performed based on your individual needs along with a detailed outline of the risks and benefits of each type of surgery.

A hysteroscopy is a procedure that uses a special camera to examine your uterus. The camera is inserted vaginally so you will have no incisions on your abdomen. The procedure’s benefit is its low down time in which you can leave on the same day. The procedure usually takes less than 30 minutes and can help diagnose gynecological problems and in some cases also provide treatment for uterine abnormalities. A hysteroscopy is a procedure that uses a special camera to examine your uterus. The camera is inserted vaginally so you will have no incisions on your abdomen. The procedure’s benefit is its low down time in which you can leave on the same day. The procedure usually takes less than 30 minutes and can help diagnose gynecological problems and in some cases also provide treatment for uterine abnormalities.

What Are The Reasons for Having a Hysteroscopy?

Your doctor may recommend a hysteroscopy for the following reasons:

. If you are experiencing symptoms such as heavy periods, pelvic pain or unusual bleeding such as bleeding between periods.. It can be used to confirm a diagnosis of a fibroid within the uterine cavity or a polyp. It may also provide you with the benefit of removing the diagnosed fibroid,  polyp, or other growth simultaneously  during the procedure. . It can also be used to locate and remove a displaced contraceptive coil.

B)UROGYN SURGERY

What are Symptoms of Bladder Problems?

Urgency:
. Urge Incontinence . Sensation of an overwhelming urge to urinate and if not immediately dealt with may be associated with instances of incontinence which is loss of urine before making it to the bathroomStress Incontinence. Loss of urine or incontinence with coughing, jumping, dancing, laughing affecting quality of lifeMixed incontinence. Experience both stress incontinence and urge incontinence

C1) TREATMENT FOR BLADDER PROBLEMS & INCONTINENCE

The first line treatment for bladder problems involves lifestyle changes. Some simple strategies usually recommended include weight loss, cutting down on alcohol and caffeinated beverages, and decreasing fluid intake. In women who suffer from stress incontinence, pelvic floor exercises called Keigel exercises are recommended to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles, which often weaken after childbirth or as a natural result of aging.In women with frequent urge to urinate, bladder training may be offered where a specialist teaches you ways to train yourself to wait longer to pass urine.In some cases, where lifestyle modification, pelvic floor exercises or bladder training has failed, surgery may be the best option.

Minimally-invasive surgical procedures for the treatment of stress incontinence include the following techniques:

. Mid-urethral Tapes. Injection of bulking agent into the neck of the bladder. Botox treatment to the bladder. More major procedures include Colposuspension, which is carried out in a small minority of patients.When Should You Consider Further Evaluation of Bladder Symptoms?. When symptoms are not easily explained or resistant to treatment, a minor procedure is used to further visualize the bladder and evaluate the reason. This involves a minor procedure called cystoscopy which uses a small camera that looks inside the bladder.

C2) PELVIC FLOOR PROBLEMS AND PROLAPSE TREATMENT

Prolapse of the vagina or womb is a common problem affecting the quality of life of millions of women. Following childbirth, the pelvic floor muscles are weakened, and as a result, they fail to properly support the pelvic organs, causing them to descend into the vagina. Women commonly complain of the sensation of a bulge in the vagina or a heaviness sensation.
There are several treatment options available for women who are suffering from prolapse and not all of them require surgery. Treatment options chosen should take into consideration the following issues:

– The alleviation of her symptoms
– Whether the woman is sexually active
– Whether she intends to have further childrenTreatments for pelvic organ prolapse include the following:
• Conservative approaches like lifestyle modifications
• Vaginal pessaries
• Surgical procedures which include the following:
• Anterior Vaginal Repair (Bladder Repair)• Posterior Vaginal Wall & Perineal Body Repair
• Vaginal Hysterectomy for Prolapse
• Sacrospinous Fixation / Ileococcygeus Suspension
• Colpocleisisd) Labial or Vaginal Reconstructive Surgery The main purposes of labial or vaginal reconstructive surgery (labiaplasty and vaginoplasty) are to restore the normal function or appearance of the vagina or the normal size or appearance of the labia.Some women reasons to perform labial or vaginal reconstructive surgery include birth trauma after experience childbirth, or the normal aging process may make them feel embarrassed with how their vagina looks and feels.Consequently the aim of reconstructive surgery is to make the woman experience ease and comfort in her sexual identity.